| Name | Constitutional form | Head of state |
Basis of executive legitimacy
|
| Afghanistan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Albania | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Algeria | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Andorra | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Angola | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Antigua and Barbuda | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Argentina | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Armenia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Australia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Austria | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Azerbaijan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Bahamas, The | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Bahrain | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Bangladesh | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Barbados | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Belarus | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Belgium | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Belize | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Benin | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Bhutan | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Bolivia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Botswana | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Brazil | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Brunei | Absolute monarchy | Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch
|
| Bulgaria | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Burkina Faso | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Burundi | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Cambodia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Cameroon | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Canada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Cape Verde | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Central African Republic | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Chad | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Chile | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| China, People’s Republic of | Republic | Ceremonial |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement[note 1]
|
| Colombia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Comoros | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Congo, Republic of the | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Costa Rica | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Côte d’Ivoire | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Croatia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Cuba | Republic | Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
|
| Cyprus | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Czech Republic | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Denmark | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Djibouti | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Dominica | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Dominican Republic | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| East Timor | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Ecuador | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Egypt | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| El Salvador | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Equatorial Guinea | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Eritrea | Republic | Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
|
| Estonia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Eswatini | Absolute monarchy | Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch
|
| Ethiopia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Federated States of Micronesia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Fiji | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Finland | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| France | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Gabon | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Gambia, The | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Georgia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Germany | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Ghana | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Greece | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Grenada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Guatemala | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Guinea | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Guinea-Bissau | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Guyana | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Haiti | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Honduras | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Hungary | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Iceland | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| India | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Indonesia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Iran | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Iraq | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Ireland | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Israel | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Italy | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Jamaica | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Japan | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Jordan | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Kazakhstan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Kenya | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Kiribati | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Korea, North | Republic | Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
|
| Korea, South | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Kuwait | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Kyrgyzstan | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Laos | Republic | Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
|
| Latvia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Lebanon | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Lesotho | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Liberia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Libya | Provisional | n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
|
| Liechtenstein | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Lithuania | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Luxembourg | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Madagascar | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Malawi | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Malaysia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Maldives | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Mali | Provisional | n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
|
| Malta | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Marshall Islands | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Mauritania | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Mauritius | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Mexico | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Moldova | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Monaco | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Mongolia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Montenegro | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Morocco | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Mozambique | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Myanmar | Provisional | n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
|
| Namibia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Nauru | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Nepal | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Netherlands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| New Zealand | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Nicaragua | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Niger | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Nigeria | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| North Macedonia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Norway | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Oman | Absolute monarchy | Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch
|
| Pakistan | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Palau | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Palestine | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Panama | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Papua New Guinea | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Paraguay | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Peru | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Philippines | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Poland | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Portugal | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Qatar | Absolute monarchy | Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch
|
| Romania | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Russia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Rwanda | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Saint Lucia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Samoa | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| San Marino | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Saudi Arabia | Absolute monarchy | Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch
|
| Senegal | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Serbia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Seychelles | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Sierra Leone | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Singapore | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Slovakia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Slovenia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Solomon Islands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Somalia | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| South Africa | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| South Sudan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Spain | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Sri Lanka | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Sudan | Provisional | n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
|
| Suriname | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Sweden | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Switzerland | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Syria | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Tajikistan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Tanzania | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Thailand | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Togo | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Tonga | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| Trinidad and Tobago | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Tunisia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Turkey | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Turkmenistan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Tuvalu | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Uganda | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Ukraine | Republic | Executive |
Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| United Arab Emirates | Constitutional monarchy | Executive |
Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
|
| United Kingdom | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| United States | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Uruguay | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Uzbekistan | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Vanuatu | Republic | Ceremonial |
Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
|
| Vatican City | Absolute monarchy | Executive |
All authority vested in absolute monarch
|
| Venezuela | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Vietnam | Republic | Executive |
Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
|
| Yemen | Provisional | n/a |
No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
|
| Zambia | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
| Zimbabwe | Republic | Executive |
Presidency is independent of legislature
|
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government